He, she or they? Pronoun use is shaped by language and beliefs, UNH study says

DURHAM, N.H. — People’s language and beliefs contribute to the societal use of pronouns of “he,” “she,” and “they,” according to a new university study.

Research at the University of New Hampshire looked at the use of pronouns in two different languages — including one where all pronouns are identity neutral — and found that people’s use of pronouns reflects not just the language they speak, but also their ideologies.

“Most people want to be thoughtful and inclusive and say they are open to using pronouns like “they” and “them” but in reality it can often be hard for some to make the shift,” April Bailey, assistant professor of psychology at the University of New Hampshire and lead author of the study, said in a statement.

“We wanted take a closer look at societal attitudes about pronoun use and see if it was connected to the language they speak and their beliefs about identity,” Bailey said.

In their research, published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, the researchers asked a series of questions about pronouns to participants from two languages, English and Turkish, which have very different pronoun systems.

English pronouns commonly denote binary gender, for example “he” for men and “she” for women, researchers noted. In the Turkish language, pronouns are identity-neutral, for example, “o” can refer to “he”, “she” or “it” depending on the noun it refers to. There are not any specific masculine or feminine pronouns.

In a series of three studies, participants were asked to evaluate different types of real and hypothetical pronouns, including binary gender pronouns, race pronouns and identity-neutral pronouns. The researchers found that both groups generally endorsed the pronouns that were most familiar and common in their respective languages.

English-speaking participants mostly endorsed binary gender pronouns, like “he” and “she,” researchers found. Turkish-speaking participants mostly endorsed identity-neutral pronouns, like “o”.

The researchers also found that participants’ answers reflected specific ideologies so they looked at the social-cognitive process — how people process, store and apply information — to see how that affects the reasoning around pronouns.

Among both English and Turkish speaking participants, those who were high in essentialist ideologies about identity —assuming people are inherently and permanently either male or female — also endorsed binary gender pronouns and race pronouns more, showing that ideological beliefs can influence beliefs about pronouns, researchers found.

“Similar to other function words, like conjunctions, pronouns are some of the most frequently used words in any language,” Bailey said. “However, unlike those other words, pronouns can encode social information that may shape a person’s beliefs and how they reason about their social world.”

Researchers said there are valid debates on both sides of the issues, including why gender pronouns are helpful and also how they can alienate some non-binary individuals.

For instance, using “she” can make women more visible when referring to a more male-dominated field, researchers found. Yet, some who point to drawbacks may believe binary gender pronouns exclude non-binary individuals.

Language can shape how people think and despite recent trends toward using “they” and “them,” traditional gender pronouns, like “he” and “she” are still used more often, researchers found.

“The researchers hope their work will shine a light on why many English speakers struggle with using gender neutral pronouns like “they” and “them” and contribute to theories on how people reason about language and ultimately help inform policy-relevant questions about whether and how to implement language changes for social purposes,” the University of New Hampshire said in a statement about the study.

Co-authors on the study include Robin Dembroff of Yale University; Daniel Wodak of the University of Pennsylvania; Elif G. Ikizer of the University of Wisconsin-Green Bay; and Andrei Cimpian of New York University.

This is a developing story. Check back for updates as more information becomes available.

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